Othello by Shakespeare Essay

This is the excellence of extraordinary masterpieces in any of its structures; mankind doesn't change. All through time, we still and consistently will welcome the things that mix our feelings: love, respect, selling out, mental fortitude, distress, demise. It is safe to say that you know about Shakespeare’s grasping story of â€Å"Othello†? Provided that this is true, here is your chance to become re-familiar with this artful culmination while getting a charge out of extraordinary acting, capable cinematography and the engrossing heartbreaking story consistent with its beginning. In the event that you are new to the story, set yourself up for some, stunning exciting bends in the road at the hands and lips of the ace malevolence conniver, Iago. The Plot†¦ Very Simplified: Othello, a regarded Army General, furtively weds Desdemona, a lot to the jealousy of his companion, Iago. Iago, spurred by desire and complete absence of empathy toward others, has â€Å"hatred and jealousy† to rouse his each move†¦ and shrewdness doings helpless before a splendid controller and savage maverick methods gigantic difficulty and distress for all. In any case, I lose track of the main issue at hand. To start, Iago stirs Desdemona’s Father with the updates on the covert joining: â€Å"A dull smash is beating your white ewe†¦. â€Å"Ah! Shakespeare! Desdemona is a dazzling and delicate young lady with too much of admirers ~ Othello, whom she beyond a reasonable doubt cherishes, however Iago, who pines for her. Others end up being the instruments that Iago controls to stop the newlywed’s joy. With ploys excessively unpredictable and wicked for most personalities to consider, and unquestionably unreasonably included for me to detail here, Iago starts his smart and ruinous plan to sabotage the couple’s association. As Iago says, â€Å"There are numerous occasions in the belly of time†¦ which will be delivered†. Iago controls individuals and occasions to cast doubt on Desdemona and cause it to seem like she might be having an unsanctioned romance. He utilizes her own caring soul and positive outlook against her: â€Å"I will transform her integrity into pitch and out of her own decency make the net that will unmesh them all†, admits Iago to the review crowd! By derivation and the planting of bogus proof, Iago effectively raises doubt of an adoration triangle to Othello. Othello is effectively getting fixed by seeds of doubt. The situation starts to get interesting. Also, it weaves and sways and exciting bends in the road and takes us on a flavorful yet agitating serpentine pursue through unfairness and fraud. This is Shakespeare, after all †an ace narrator! Yet, †¦. shouldn't something be said about the creation? Is an advanced recording of Shakespeare for everyone’s taste? Unmistakably, no. The Language True to the Bard’s unique, â€Å"Othello’s† discourse originates from the pages of Shakespeare’s work. What's more, it is difficult†¦ from the outset. The uplifted discourse of the day isn't we are habituate to: there are no alternate routes taken †characters communicate at incredible length and with extraordinary expert articulation and mind. Also, one can't preclude the excellence from securing the language †fragile in any event, while being strong; amiable, in any event, while being terse. However, don’t be rashly put off by this. Hold on for it a brief timeframe and it pays off. On the off chance that you make it past the initial five minutes, you may in the long run become agreeable, as the beat begins to become disguised and before long starts to sound very open. Notwithstanding the underlying troubles in understanding, I got riveted in the plot and the exceptional focus required demonstrated to my advantage , as I turned out to be totally engaged with the dramatization. The Acting To commend the language, the acting demonstrates perfect and imperative! The characters loan dynamic outward appearances that sell out their intentions and feelings. Truth be told, one can say that in any advanced form of Shakespeare, normal crowds must depend intensely on different signals †like outward appearances and activities, to carry more noteworthy comprehension to the quickly moving exchange and storyline. This variant is an extraordinary achievement! I have never been more intrigued with Laurence Fishburne’s acting than in this film. In this difficult creation, he exhibited his extensive ability. In any case, Kenneth Branagh , as Iago, was the genuine scene stealer! Few can do â€Å"ruthless† like Branagh! What's more, however the job appeared to require less vitality and extension, Irene Jacob was convincingly the sweet and delicate Desdemona. The affection among Othello and Desdemona is shown so obviously, so unquestionably, that as a watcher, I was infuriated by Iago’s endeavors to obliterate it. A decent film makes you give it a second thought! This is a decent film! I thought about Desdemona; I was loathed at Othello’s ineptitude for accepting the snare set by Iago. It was frightful to watch the glad bliss of the new darlings become fixed. The impression of the awfulness to come was exceptional. I loathed Iago for his mercilessness and scorn! All the feelings crowds felt such a long time ago †they despite everything exist today. What Else? There a few scenes that were strange †when Iago addresses the camera †to the crowd and I guess this may have been initially a discourse. Be that as it may, they appear to be strange. Out of nowhere I was shocked out of my â€Å"suspension of disbelief† and comfort of the play, by the interruption of an individual message from one of the on-screen characters! Then again, Iago, however an unfeeling character, is a treat to look as he turns his trap of double dealing at that point looks purposely at the camera. This is one of Branagh’s most enlivened jobs! Despite the fact that it has been numerous years since I read â€Å"Othello†, the film appears to stay consistent with its unique while profiting by new innovation and aesthetic observations. It is a recognition to William Shakespeare (however he doesn’t need it from me) just as the Director and on-screen characters who moved the creation from â€Å"theatre in the round† to â€Å"Castle Rock Productions†. Show see just The above see is unformatted text This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous area.

The Geneva Convention: Preventing Atrocities Towards Prisoners of War :: American America History

The Geneva Convention: Preventing Atrocities Towards Prisoners of War The Allied built up the Geneva Convention to ensure injured troopers in 1864. They corrected it multiple times with the fourth time following some of most abominable acts against detainees of war during World War II. I will give proof of what I accept prompted the adjustments of the Geneva Convention in 1949 to secure POWs. I will introduce the purposes for the alteration and records of the sixth Bomb Squadron 29th Bomb Group 314th Wing during World War II. At long last, I will talk about the alterations that came about because of these demonstrations of brutality. A few countries neglected to comply with the Geneva Convention during World War II. Therefore, the show met for the fourth an ideal opportunity to reclassify and set up the principles to secure future veterans. (Simpkin) There were 130,000 POWs caught during World War II. Japan slaughtered the most American POWs with a stunning rate at 40% of 27,465. (Reynolds 10) It was these unbelievable occasions of World War II that prompted the Geneva Convention of 1949, which corrected the wrongs of the past shows. (Geneva Conventions 864) So how terrible were POWs rewarded? I am going to tell the records of one of the most extreme acts against humanity that happened during World War II. A meeting by an Army specialist with pilot Marvin S. Watkins uncovered the accompanying occasions that happened following a bombarding run in Japan. On May 5, 1945, the sixth Bomb Squadron 29th Bomb Group 314th Wing had recently finished a bombarding run on Tachairai air station and was coming back to our base in Guam. The accompanying team individuals were locally available: William R. Fredericks, Co-Pilot; Howard T. Shingledecker, Bombardier; Charles Kearns, Navigator; Dale Plambeck, Radar Navigator; Teddy Poncezki, Engineer; John Colehower, Gunner; Cpl. Johnson, Gunner; Cpl. Oeinck, Gunner; Cpl. Czarnecki, Gunner; Robert Williams, Radio Operator; and myself as pilot. At 0800, we were ten to twenty miles from the objective when a twin-motor adversary contender assaulted us over the island of Kyushu. One of our motors burst into flames, which required the team to forsake. The designer and I remained locally available and we proceeded with our trip for another five miles until we lost a wing. We at that point rescued and parachuted securely before the plane smashed close to the town of Taketa. I dodged catch for eight hours. I was blindfolded, cuffed, and taken via train to a camp.

Introduction to Muslim art and architecture

In this paper I will talk about the displays and shows I saw on my ongoing visits to the Victoria and Albert Museum and British Museum. It was a genuinely oculus opening experience. It opened up another component of Islam which I had non considered previously. I had ne'er known there was any sort of workmanship or engineering in Islam. I had ever thought of historical centers as really stifling topographic focuses. From the start, I was really questioning however in a matter of seconds was entranced by the ancient rarities. I will delineate the most sensational and remarkable ancient rarities I saw and some data I found out about them. In the Victoria and Albert Museum, I saw a hearth from the palace of Fuat Pasha. It was made in Istanbul in 1731 CE and is structured in a commonplace Ottoman way. An intriguing thing to see here is the on a portion of the tiles are kept in touch with certain names. These are supposed to be the names of Ahl Al Kahf. Their story is connected in the Quran. A gathering of youthful people and their Canis familiaris who were monotheists were being abused by the Roman Empire. They looked for wellbeing in a cavern and appealed to ALLAH ( SWT ) . ALLAH ( SWT ) made them kip and they woke up and thought a twenty-four hours had passed. They were tired of being gotten thus they chose one of them to get supplement. This youngster went cautiously and attempted to buy some supplement. At the point when he attempted to pay for it, the vendor would non acknowledge on history of the cash given was lapsed. Coins like this had non been in utilization for 100s of mature ages. He surged back to the caver n and told the others. They had truly been sleeping for 300 mature ages! ALLAH ( SWT ) had spared them from their adversary who were crushed where as they were safe. This was a forceful Ayat of the intensity of ALLAH ( SWT ) and of the universe of Resurrection. The using of their names on hearths is to monitor off indecency. Another point which stood apart was the minbar which is a mosque dais. It was worked in Egypt, no doubt Cairo, somewhere between 1468 CE to 1496 CE. Its plan is in a Mamluk way. It utilizes geometric structures which is an understood in normal for Islamic craftsmanship. The main show must be the Ardabil carpet from Ardabil in North Western Iran. The mat is 34 ? pess by 17 ? pess. It is the most established enduring floor covering from this period going back to 1540 CE. It was finished during the guideline of Safavid Shah Tahmasp I the kid of Shah Ismail. Ardabil is a city with an extraordinary chronicled custom of floor covering exchange and has created the best Iranian Rugs of all clasp. The mat is balanced which is another understood in normal for Islamic workmanship. The xanthous emblem in the Center is an emblematic portrayal of the Sun which by then in cut was thought to be in the Center of the presence. Initially this mat was part of a lot of two, and was made for the aim of denoting the hallowed place of Sheik Safi Al Din Ardabil who was a Sufi maestro in enchanted Islam who passed on in 1334 CE. Shah Ismail, who rejoined Iran after a huge number of mature ages, established the Safavid Dynasty named after him and built up Shiite Islam as the territory confidence in 1501 CE. In the British exhibition hall I saw an artistic tombstone of a Qadi called Jalal Al Din Abdul Malik who went off around the twelvemonth 1270 CE in Kashan, Iran. He was known as Malik Al Ulama. The tombstone is shrouded in Arabic handwriting fusing verses of the Quran. Ayat Al Kursi is composed outwardly outline. The handwriting and edges are painted in Co blue. The accompanying article I saw was a mosque light from the clasp of the Ottoman Empire. It tends to be precisely dated gratitude to the lettering which expresses the name of the imaginative individual each piece great as where and when it was made. The imaginative individual was Musli who delivered it in Iznik in Turkey in the twelvemonth 1549 CE. The Ottoman Caliph Suleiman The Magnificent who ruled from 1520-1566 arranged the remaking of the Dome Of The Rock in Jerusalem. The light was made to embellish within. It has three grasps and ironss are utilized to hang the light. At the point when lit, the handwriting illuminates. The light other than shows tulips which are an image of the Ottoman Empire. Tulips were utilized in trimmings everyplace from mosques and palaces to vesture. The light was found in Jerusalem in the nineteenth Century. I so seen a gold dinar coin. It is one of the first coins from the clasp of the Caliph Abdul Malik of the Umayyad Dynasty. This coin was bit of the Islamic coin framework which was set up so as to supplant Byzantium and Persian coins which were aforesaid in use. This was done in light of the fact that the use of pictures on Byzantium and Iranian coins are out. The Islamic coins contained the Kalimah, the essential and most cardinal message of Islam. The coin is dated to 696 CE to 697 CE, likely from Syria. The last point I would to talk about both on the grounds that it is the last point I saw and was unquestionably the one point which stood apart for me was the carven jade reptile. It got my oculus immediately. It is exceptionally realistic. It must hold been cut by an extremely gifted master. It starts from Allahabad in Northern India and is gone back to the seventeenth Century. It might perchance hold been made between 1605-1627 during the rule of Selim the kid of the third Mughal Emperor Akbar who ruled from 1556-1605 and a Hindu princess. Akbar assembled a stronghold at the Hindu city of Prayag and renamed it Allahabad. Akbar ne'er lived in the mansion on the other hand offering it to his kid. Selim is known to hold had a captivation with regular marvel and this could hold been utilized as a design for the nursery pools at his manor. The carven jade reptile was produced using an individual bit of green jade nephrite. It was found at the underside of a storage in the start of the n ineteenth Century during delving work in Allahabad. How it wound up at that place in the principal topographic point is a puzzler. It was so moved to England by Alexander Kyd. It was so offered to the British Museum in 1830. I found Islam has a rich decent variety and history. I figured out how Islamic workmanship and A ; design is not quite the same as different civic establishments. I discovered that notwithstanding various lines and ages, all Islamic craftsmanship and A ; design divide some regular cardinal principles. These cardinal principles are that human or bodily metaphorical portrayals are non permitted, this is because of the cardinal standard of Islam being Tawheed which is confidence in One GOD who is in secret and nil resembles Him so using any pictures are simply out. This is in unpolished differentiation to numerous symbol adoring networks who made visual pictures of their Gods, for example, Ancient Egypt. Another standard is the utilization of geometric structures which can be endlessly rehashed. Another standard is the utilization of Arabic handwriting so as to fancify verses of the Quran, which can so be utilized for its definitive plan, to engender the confidence of Islam. I saw numer ous antiquated ancient rarities of the Islamic universe and perceived how craftsmanship and A ; design connects to the historical backdrop of incredible Islamic Empires and Dynasties. Every Dynasty had its ain ordinary images, for example, tulips for the Ottomans. Every Dynasty has left a go oning endowment through workmanship and A ; design, for example, the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus as a characteristic of the force and glorification of the Umayyad Dynasty at its extremum. It was a truly mind blowing experience. The greater part of import thing I learnt is that every one of these items and curios I saw during my visits to the exhibition halls are a bit of my history and heritage.BibliographyCarved jade reptile. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/me/c/carved_jade_terrapin.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Ceramic tombstone of Jalal al-DincAbd al-Malik. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/me/c/tombstone_of_an_islamic_judge.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Mosque light. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/me/m/ottoman_mosque_lamp.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Golddinarof calif Abd al-Malik. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/cm/g/gold_dinar_of_caliph_abd_al-ma.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .PALACE AND MOSQUE: ISLAMIC ART FROM THE VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . Victoria And Albert Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.vam.ac.uk/pictures/picture/8405-popup.html [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Manner In Islamic Art. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . Victoria And Albert Museum. Accessible fro m: hypertext move convention:/www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1342_islamic_middle_east/index.php? id=1024 [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .The Ardabil Carpet. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . Victoria And Albert Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.vam.ac.uk/assortments/asia/object_stories/ardabil/index.html [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .

Individual case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Singular contextual analysis - Research Paper Example On moral issues, Nike was confronted with the test of giving the necessary compensation to its laborers. In spite of the fact that the organization gave employments to local people of temporary worker nations, the compensation was less, and this was dishonest. In Vietnam specialist were being paid about $1.6 every day, a compensation that was path underneath their day by day pay of $3 per day. What's more, laborers were not given defensive wear during work inside Vietnam and different nations taking a shot at benefit of the organization. For example, it was affirmed that those working in territories with risky synthetic substances were not wearing glove and those in regions with harmful gases were not given veils as is required by wellbeing methodology. In the midst of all these, the organization was revealing enormous benefits and different associations felt that the organization was misusing individuals and particularly underage laborers (Carroll, 2009). Nike encounters a test in building up a severe checking framework to use in its contactor nations. This would guarantee that issues like the measure of wages paid to laborers and in any event, working conditions are improved. Moreover, such a framework would guarantee, that laborers are given defensive wear and paid worthy wages. The other test is the troubles in setting up and recruiting a capable body that would guarantee appropriate and exact bookkeeping records. This has come about to poor installment terms of those utilized to work for the organization and ill-advised records. Furthermore, organization experiences issues in deciding the nations in which it would build up its branches. This is a direct result of the legitimate necessities required by the nations in which it intends to set up its different organizations. The host government in different nations assumed urgent jobs in the foundation of temporary workers. For example, have nations were engaged with permitting Nike to do its assembling exercises on their territory. Notwithstanding

Spring Admission Notes #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Spring Admission Notes #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the second entry to help spring applicants with the details of the application process. Admission application review at SIPA is not rolling, rather we wait for the application deadline to pass, print all of the submitted applications, package all of the applications into different groups, and then distribute them to the Committee for review.   It takes about two weeks after the deadline to package everything and anywhere from 2-4 weeks for the review process to be completed.   This means we will inform spring applicants of our decision sometime in the first few weeks of November. Applicants are informed of their decision on line.   Thus there is no mail delay.   We will mail official letters of admission at a later time, however we want applicants to know of their decision as soon as possible. Spring applicants face a very tight time line.   Decisions will go out in November and Orientation starts on January 10th. Classes start the next week on January 18th.   This leaves roughly 8 weeks between admission notification and enrollment.   This is short period of time to find housing and confirm financing to pay for all of your expenses.   More information on expenses and financial aid in the next spring admission entry.

Illuminating the Darkness - Literature Essay Samples

Now this is the Law of the Jungleas old and as true as the sky/And the Wolf that shall keep it may prosper, but the Wolf that shall break it must die.~Rudyard Kipling, The Law of the Jungle [i]In his novel The Invisible Man Ralph Ellison presents, from a 1950s perspective, the struggle of becoming a black man in the United States. Ultimately, Ellison is seeking to convey the effort of forging an identity in a society that scorns one because of how they identify him. While the resultant invisibility is a powerful message, equally as powerful is the journey by which the narrator matures into adulthood. In the first chapter of the novel, The Battle Royal, Ellison shrewdly reverses the conventional view of the heart of darkness as characteristic of Africa to symbolize the brutality of the American South. By selecting specific words, Ellison equates the African- American rite of passage into manhood with the vicious rape of innocence by animalistic white men in their self-created jung le arena.Ellison injects the theme of the rite of passage from the beginning of Chapter 1, The Battle Royal, when the narrator discusses his graduation day. This is effective because high school graduation, particularly in the 1950s and particularly for men, is a symbolic rite of passage. It is also functional because it offers a public scene in which the men of town must act in a certain manner. The narrator delivers a speech proposing that humility is the secret to success. It is for this type of attitude, which is the persona this boy presents in public, that the most lily-white men of the town (1526) praise him.Ellison cunningly juxtaposes this public rite of passage with a private one when the narrator is invited to give his speech again at a gathering of the towns leading white citizens (1526). This repetition is clever because it forces the reader to notice the parallels of the events; for example, once again the boy delivers his speech and the white men gather. These si milarities prime the scenes for comparison, which forces one to notice the sharp contrast of what is important and how people act in the private setting versus the public setting. The private scene is also important because unlike the public high school graduation where the diploma, an abstract and conventional proof of adulthood, proves the boy has become a man, it tests concrete and taboo tenets of manhood. Unlike the public sphere, where men act as they should and a paper verifies that one is a man, the private sphere is comprised of men without inhibitions that seek hard proof of masculinity.Of note are the three major tests to which the white men subject the black boys. The first is a naked woman. The narrator responds to her in a manner that shows he is naive to the sight of unclothed women but, also, that he is aroused by her: I felt a wave of irrational guilt and fearYet I was strongly attracted and looked in spite of myself(1527). Like African Americans, the white woman has historically been oppressed by white, Southern men. Also like African Americans, by the 1950s white women had gained some abstract, public respect that was debatable in the private and practical sphere. The second test to which the boys are subjected is physical violence, during which they must all turn against one another to survive. Finally, they are forced to humiliate themselves in the interest of obtaining money from an electrified mat. Each of these experiences tests animal instincts that are supposed to be controlled on the public arena: the first test- sexuality, the second and third tests- survival of the fittest.While this story confronts the passage from childhood into manhood, Ellison is speaking of a strictly African- American experience. He does not offer the reader any reason to think that any of these white men ever underwent these trials, nor does he offer any hope that these boys will be accepted among the white men as equals. In fact, it is apparent that t hese boys are undergoing a unique entrance into adulthood, in that they are truly learning their role as second class to the white men.Ellison uses the atmosphere of the tests as a furthering force to convey the absolute brutality of the situation. In his Epilogue the speaker makes reference to that heart of darkness across the Mason Dixon line(1539), and it is precisely in this jungle-esq manner that Ellison paints this scene. He describes people as animals or attributes animal characteristics to them: the woman has eye make-up that reminds the main character of a baboons butt(1527); a man is clumsy like an intoxicated panda(1528); another man yells like a bass-voiced parrot(1532); a boy is compared with a circus seal(1532); the men gave chase(1528) in a wild frenzy while attempting to ravage the blonde woman.The ballroom is depicted as a dark room filled with poisonous cottonmouths(1528). This ominous environment is a lion-less jungle that dissolves into complete anarchy(1529) . These civilized, white men have created an environment in which the black boys become not only their prey, but also the prey of one another. They each fought hysterically(1529) with hateand feverish terror(1530). In time with the frantic music the animal instincts intensify: the harder we fought the more threatening the men became(1530).Finally, the heart of darkness/ jungle atmosphere is completed by continuous reference to lack of sight due to darkness and smoke. Upon entering the room the narrator notices immediately that it is foggy with cigar smoke(1527). The boys are then blindfolded and the narrator tells us he experienced a fit of blind terror(1528). Unlike the white men, he was unused to darkness(1528). The main character must continue to fight his way through the smoky- blue atmosphere(1529). This darkness serves to separate the pack of wolves that are the boys and forces them to employ the law of the jungle, which is an unrestrained and ruthless competition, wit h everyone out solely for his own advantage.This is an excellent way of portraying an African- American boys entry into adulthood because the image of him entering a jungle transmits the message that life will remain a brutal battle. By setting up a comparison between the private and public sectors of society, Ellison is able to show the danger of the nature of man; it is no accident that the boys are blindfolded with broad bands of [white] cloth(1528). While on the surface the white man may respect the black man, the real danger lies within societys heart, which is quite possibly a dark place. If the South truly is a jungle, it is a jungle of the worst sorts; it has no lion to keep order and survival may depend on brotherhood. Kipling offers sound advice in the second stanza of his poem The Law of the Jungle: As the creeper that girdles the tree-trunk the Law runneth forward and back/ For the strength of the Pack is the Wolf, and the strength of the Wolf is the Pack. Perhaps, Ell ison is offering the same advice: for these men to survive the jungle they can no longer allow themselves to be divided against each other- their strength lies in their pack.[i] This poem is available online at: http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/K/KiplingRudyard/verse/p3/lawjungle.htmlI thought it was appropriate because it outlines the rules of the jungle, which is what I am arguing Ellison creates to better explain the black males rite of passage.

Amy Tans Mother Tongue - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 400 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Mother Tongue Essay Did you like this example? Amy Tanrs Mother Tongue focuses on the prejudices of Amy and her mother. All her life, Amyrs mother has been looked down upon because she did not speak proper English, Amyrs purpose behind writing this short essay was to inform and express her beliefs and new discovery of the language of intimacy and talk about how language influenced her life while growing up. Amy Tan also talks about the challenges that an individual has to go through if he/she gets raised by a parent who speaks limited English. Identity and culture gets substantial. As being the first generation Chinese-Americans both Amy and her mother faced many obstacles, Communicating was one of the biggest issue that they had to go through, language is much more than just a way to communicate. People make assumptions about others just by how they look or how they speak also misconceived views of people from different country or people who speaks different language. Amy Tan discusses a time, where she had to deal with learning three types of Englishes from her mother which includes simple, broken English. She mentions how growing up listening to her motherrs English, she has learned to adapt and able to fully understand her, even though constantly she had to correct her. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Amy Tans Mother Tongue" essay for you Create order Sharing her experience as an adult, she develops a frustration at the difficulty of not being taken seriously due to oners inability to speak the way society expects. Amy Tan talks about her experience to portray how people did not respect her mother as she deserves and thought of her as uneducated just because she couldnt speak the way people expect She used to have me call people on phone to pretend i was she. Amyrs mother could not speak professional English so to translate her motherrs broken English, Amy used to pretend that she was her mother. She also talks about how Asian American students are directed more towards science and math and not English due to their broken and limited English spoken at home. Amy Tan writes this to show people that there is no right was of speaking English, and English comes in many forms not just one by repeating the word Englishes in place of English and want people to know that everyone has their own way of speaking when theyre around certain people or different surroundings; even if it is the same language.

The Constitution Of The United States - 1239 Words

1.Prior Knowledge †¢The colonies declared independence in 1776, after many violent battles against the British. †¢Colonists became angry after the British increased taxes on tea, ink, and paper. This resulted in revolts and boycotts that later turned into battles. †¢Over 20 battles occurred before independence was granted. †¢The British was losing power in the colonies after over half of their soldiers were killed. †¢News traveled slow resulting in a battle being fought after the British. †¢The constitution is about our rights and freedom. 2.Outline (pgs. 39-44) I.Introduction A.What Government Does and Why it Matters 1.Some major elements of the Constitution are liberty, equality, and democracy. 2.Framers - delegates to the delegate’s convention and helped draft the constitution of the United States. 3.The purposes of government are to encourage justice, sustain peace at home, to defend the nation from foreign invaders, provide welfare and to secure freedom. 4.The constitution has a plan for achieving its objectives by using 3 different branches of government. These branches are Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. 5.Legislative - made up of the two houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives), and makes laws. 6.Executive - President is part of this branch, signs bills into laws. 7.Judicial - oversees the court system of the U.S., interprets the Constitution and laws passed by Congress; and the highest court is the SupremeShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be held

Comparison Between Nicolo Machiavelli And Thomas Hobbs

Name: Emmanuella Abolarinde 150413800 Prof Hillier BF 190-BR2 Comparison between Nicolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbs There are many philosophers that have different ideals and views on certain subjects and topics. This is often due to the fact that they were alive during certain time periods which were often having problems therefore affecting the philosopher’s views on what is right or wrong. Due to this fact the philosophers Machiavelli and Hobbs had both similar and contrasting ideals on the purpose of the government or kings and the way said government is supposed to rule their states and subjects. Machiavelli believes that the purpose of the government is to protect the state by any means necessary and to use the leaders subjects in a way that could further their own political agenda. This is proven by how in the translated version of the prince it says he learns to know his country, and is better able to undertake its defense. (Marriott 2013, 15) This shows that Machiavelli believed that a good and powerful leader must be able to know his surrounding country in order to properly defend his state from war which in turns shows that he believes that the purpose of the government is to protect their state from any threat of war. As the lecture states Machiavelli argued that the people under the king’s rule are essentially objects to be used for whatever the ruler’s political agenda was. (Hillier 2015) This includes the subjects being used as soldiers of war to keep the

Love Is A Strong Affection For A Person - 913 Words

Love is used incorrectly in so many ways in today’s society. People think they know the true meaning when they do not. A lot of people also today will tell somebody they love them when they do not even mean it. The word is just thrown around and used like it has no meaning. Love to me is a strong passion and deep feeling for a person. When you love someone you are compassionate to them and are true and faithful. Some people have no clue what any of that is in today’s age. â€Å"Love is a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties and attraction on tenderness.† (Merrian-Webster) According to English-for-students the word love goes back to the roots of the Old English language lufu and is relayed to the Old Frisian luve, Old High German luba, Gothic lubo. The word is recorded from the earliest English writings in the 8th century. In the Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennett and Darcy come together and understand their love for one another. Elizabeth and Darcy both came from two different types of families. Darcy was from a high social and educated family. Elizabeth Bennett had no education because her parents thought they did not need it that doing well for themselves would be marrying a rich man and Elizabeth thought differently. Once she met Darcy, she refused to love him because she was not marrying a man just for his family’s wealth. Until she figured out that she could never love another man and realized the strong love and deep passion that she hadShow MoreRelatedLove Is A Feeling Of Strong Or Constant Affection For A Person Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Love is a feeling of strong or constant affection for a person†. People need love in their lives. It is not a thing that people think of first, but it will be the last thing people cherish. Loving can heal, and loving can hurt som etimes. But perhaps most important, love connects people together, and it helps people be strong to walk through a hard time. I remember the first time I heard people talking about love. It was so cheesy to hear about it. I only could imagine love was something specialRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Themes: Love889 Words   |  4 Pagesboth Romeo and Juliet, is deeply embedded in our cultural psyche. It is an allegory, a story of true love and sacrifice, that continues to resonate throughout modern time. There is a great deal of social stigma attached to the story. People are very critical of Romeo and Juliet’s decisions. Also, people are inspired, interested, and influenced by the melodramatic romance story. Every person knows the story, and we all can compare our lives to theirs. The lives of the 15th century charactersRead MoreThe Bean Trees Taylor Character Analysis1146 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor, and the story is about Taylor and her life after leaving a small town in Kentucky to find happiness. Taylor is a very complex person with a number of defining characteristics such as devotion, stren gth, and affection that make it possible for her to have such a mediocre story. Whether or not she wants to be, Taylor has proven herself to be a very devoted person to what she feels is important or to what she cares deeply about, like Turtle, helping her friends, or getting out of her town inRead MoreLove Is Defined As A Strong Affection For Another Arising Out Of Kinship Or Personal Ties1018 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Merriam-Webster dictionary love is defined as â€Å"a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties, strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties (2) :   attraction based on sexual desire :   affection and tenderness felt by lovers (3) :   affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interests b :   an assurance of affection † Growing up I always thought that love was just the final puzzle piece to a fairy tale and that hopefullyRead MoreRomantic Relationships : The Romantic Construal Model941 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning of the article the communication of affection in relationships was discussed in great length. As reading through this, I was reminded of some concepts that I have studied previously regarding the five love languages. There is a book that describes these as being: words of affirmation, quality time, receiving gifts, acts of service and physical touch. This book is really interesting because it outlines that each person has a primary and secondary love language and it argues that those in relationshipsRead MoreFeeling Love and Affection vs Tolerance1746 Words   |  7 Pageswife’s situation love or tolerance? Tolerance, which keeps a person at a distance to avoid unnecessary hurt, in contrast to love and affection, which embraces a person in all things, are often confused in this generation. A negative environment has led to the adaption of tolerance. Tolerance deals with man’s capacity to withstand something, whether it may be pressure, sadness, pain or pleasure. Everyone has their limits, and that is where tolerance steps into play. â€Å"Love is a strong liking or embraceRead MoreLove Has Many Definitions Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagesis love? Webster defines love as â€Å"a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties maternal love for a child (2): attraction based on sexual desire: affection and tenderness felt by lovers (3): affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interests love for his old schoolmates.† Love comes in many forms. Unconditional love, the love of a mother for her child, romantic love, the love for your partner and passion or lust, a more sexual emotion towards a person. LoveRead MoreLove And Love In Selena Gomezs Round And Round1183 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough her life. Selena Gome z’s song â€Å"Round and Round† has the thread of humanity’s desire for affection, which is something Jane is constantly searching. Green Day’s â€Å"Boulevard of Broken Dreams† contains the thread of isolation and wandering, a theme that plays an enormous role in Jane’s life since she is an orphan. Another song, â€Å"Royals† by Lorde explores the idea of female power. Jane always has her strong independent will to help her make difficult decisions. Through these three threads Bronte characterizesRead More The Magic Barrel Essay622 Words   |  3 Pages Most people spend much of their life looking for love. They look for love in many different people. Some people believe that love finds its way to where it needs to be, and some believe that love must be sought after. In Malamud’s story, â€Å"The Magic Barrel† one of his characters says â€Å"Love comes with the right person, not before† (Malamud 49). This impli es that when two people find the right person, they will find love. Defining love has been one of the most difficult words to define in the EnglishRead MoreTheme Of Unrequited Love In The Sea Gull884 Words   |  4 Pagespain of wanting affection from someone unattainable. Within the Sea Gull there is a strong motif of unrequited love within the lives of the characters. Ironically, unrequited love is the structural glue that sticks most of the characters in The Seagull together. Medvedenko loves Masha, but Masha loves Treplev. Treplev does not love Masha back, he loves Nina. Nina loves Treplev briefly but then falls madly in love with Trigorin. Arkadina loves Trigorin but loses his affections and falls for Nina

Simple Justice Free Essays

The chapter shows the deep relentless struggle of the black community and the racist white people who would not allow it. This case would take 4 years before getting to the courts of the government of the United States. Insane! Its appalling to think of the deep level of HATE and evil that the local white people in these areas had back then. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The white schools got two-thirds more money towards their education and had full operating bus systems, while the black kids actually had to pay for their education. This lead to the case of Briggs v. Elliot. It was very interesting to read about how the â€Å"N-double A-C-P† had an influence in the uprising of this bus moment in this community. The level of bravery by the black community and the leaders in this moment are amazing and I love the level of courage and righteousness they had to of had. Over those four years, the illegal government manipulation to suppress and try and stop the black communities efforts in court to obtain equal rights for education is horrific and upsetting, it’s a mindset I can not understand. Black farmers lost their land, some had to watch their corps die because whites oldest allow there corps to be bought or use necessary equipment to reap the land. Black people who signed the partition for a lawsuit in Summerset and their spouses were fired from their Jobs and threatened. This book made me think about what racism is and the utter disgrace and hate that it signifies; it is so saddening to read about. This was only 60 years ago, that is one human beings lifetime. Nothing is more upsetting than these actions by hateful whites to use the United States Constitution as evidence for their reasoning for segregation and slavery. White preachers saying it’s Gods will that segregation is meant to be and white superiority. To believe that all men are equal but not apply that line in reality behooves me. What is racism? What act is considered racism in our day and age? Calling someone a racial slur is racism, so is hating someone for the color of their skin tone. But what was going on since the beginning of the United States Unionization to the mid sass’s seemed to be a whole other deeper sinister level of racism. The black people in these communities were not Just facing racial slurs, they were facing death every minute ND they knew it, that is why every black individual in the south who fought for equality in education and constitutional freedom are heroes; all the people who signed there names on court documents to try and change the illegal injustices of segregation and inequality are heroes. This level of racism is a ruling an oppressive savagery that is disgusting to try and comprehend. The courts allowed the slavery to continue and progress, and the courts eventually ended it. It is Just saddening it took so long. Mr.. Slugger’s writing style Mr.. Kluges paints a clear brush stroke of the scene and atmosphere of the time eroded. His style is a bit wordy but the words he uses are colorful, expressive and flow nicely. However, at times I felt inpatient and wanted him (Kluges) to get to the point. He wrote eloquently but I would prefer the â€Å"streamlined version† that tells me the setting and story, not paint a picture of all intimate and personal features of every individual. He bought up a very interesting point how a lot of black men fought in WI against racism and racial murder of Jewish culture but they (black American men) came back home were facing similar acts of oppression, murder and occupation. An then you realize the time period your reading about is in the mid sass’s! It is still sad to see the residue of hate lingering and living here and now. Mr.. Kluges was successful in his diligence and service towards an unbiased account of the time period during Brown v The Broad of Education and the time period leading up to the case, where he eloquently described historical cases that lead to and showed the momentum towards the final verdict. Also Mr.. Kluges was successful in his last chapter showing the history of the Brown v The Board of Education 50 years after the fact. Oppression Mr.. Kluges softly shows the level of oppression during this time period. He at times gingerly portrays a situation then presents quoted lines from someone during the time period that would bring a knockout punch of shivery. The real life quotes of some of the people from that time period really helps to place the reader in the time period being written about. While reading the book I how did these communities last this so long, and are they still going on like this? Are there hateful mindsets still living in communities throughout the US? Throughout the world? Unfortunately I know the answer to those questions, but how do they continue to persist. Slavery Over four centuries of slavery before the verdict of Brown v The Board of Education. It is appalling to and impossible to fathom that time frame for a federal verdict to acknowledge that all humans are created equal. Mr.. Kluges showed how Brown v The Board of Education represented a long and indentured fight for the recognition and legal right of freedom for black humans in America. The verdict acknowledged a lifetime of of inequality for black people in American history. What this book has taught me What this book has taught me is the power of the court systems. How men, Judges and lawyers can be socially wrong about personal freedoms and impose these beliefs as natural law. How they (Supreme Court Judges) used twisted truth and words like â€Å"natural law’ to segregated and beat-down another human being based solely on their skin tone – this is horrific. But its amazing that the same court system and new judges and lawyers were able to get the verdict right. It is Just sad how long it took and how many people died. I am concern of the hate and ignorance that is still embedded in the minds of people n our society. We need not look further than the current media story of the Los Angels Clippers basketball team. About the team owner speaking hateful and racial comments about African-Americans. Here 2014 and the same slave master mentality of property ownership of African-Americans and their inferiority. We have came far in our society because with this basketball owner incident he was banned from his team and forced to sell, this verdict was swift from the NAB and a majority of people are in favor of the owner’s life time ban. The Book One of the most gripping moments in the book is when Mr.. Kluges described the the slavery condition in the south which can be considered the worst ever treatment of human slavery in human history. When the length of US slavery is considered it is outrageous to believe this kind of treatment went on for centuries. Unprecedented slavery conditions never seen in such length and non-revengeful fashion. Back during Romans, Greek and Persian times slaves were captured as enemies unlike Africa slaves who had done now harm to the Angelo-Saxon people, the African people ere captured and stolen from their land for the pure intent of like being cattle. It is downright disgusting. In a section from the book: â€Å"Slavery as practiced in the American South, it is now generally acknowledged, was probably as severe as any form of it in recorded history. This is especially so if one considers that the African blacks were not brought to America for punitive reasons: they had committed no transgressions against the people who purchased and then savaged them. If the system was to work in a sparsely settled land, white repression ad to strain the limits of black endurance. † What was a shocking moment when reading was about how black men could not be good father back they by today standards because family life was not allowed as it was for white families. The black man was simply there to breed. A father couldn’t protect his wife if she was badly treated, harmed, harassed or raped by a white man; nor could that father show any protection for the son. How could men be closely attached to their family when they could so easily be sold off to another plantation for the next years harvest, sold of like a mule. The slave masters treated the African Americans like cattle, by federal law African Americans weren’t even considered human, they were property, like a commodity to be bought, sold and owned. They (slaves) had no rights, they had curfews, could not be in big groups together and were only given a few clothing items a year. An excerpt from the book states, â€Å"A slave had no legal standing. He could take no action to control his sale. He could not be a party to a lawsuit. He could not offer testimony except against another black. He could not swear an oath that would be legally binding. † Founding Fathers Furthermore I am completely appalled at the contradictory behavior of our founding fathers actions and their hypocrisy. As Mr.. Krueger stated, â€Å"Fifteen of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention owned slaves†¦. Neither the word â€Å"slave† nor â€Å"black† nor â€Å"Negro’ nor â€Å"African† nor â€Å"colored† was therefore written anywhere in the document those men composed that very long summer. † I learned that slave was a hot topic and the leaders from the north who may not of had slaves sure perpetuated the ability for the slavery to continue and also even if they (north delegates) didn’t ant slavery the majority still saw the black man as two-thirds a human. How to cite Simple Justice, Papers

Eleve11 by Sander Van Doorn free essay sample

Eleve11 It is a common misconception among teens that anything that does not receive mainstream attention is a waste of their precious time. They believe anything that goes under the radar is not fit for their attention, but this is not always the case. A grand example of this is the brand-new album released by Dutch DJ and dance music producer Sander Van Doorn. This album contains a modest eleven song, but as the old adage goes, it is a matter of quality, not quantity, and Sander truly demonstrates a quality album. Being hailed as â€Å"album of the month† by Mixmag Magazine and Tillate UK, this album is receiving rave reviews despite his album not garnering attention from large media corporations such as Rolling Stone Magazine. The album itself comprises of uplifting vocal tracks featuring crossover acts Nadia Ali and Carol Lee, mixed with some instrumental compositions that are the modern-day equivalent of the classical orchestra. We will write a custom essay sample on Eleve11 by Sander Van Doorn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the singles of the album, ‘Koko’, was a standout anthem, for the Miami Music Week and Ultra Music festival of early 2011. This album has a very intriguing pattern: the first three songs are decidedly calm, the middle six are the most active and rhythmic songs, while the last two songs are smoother and more relaxed. The penultimate track, ‘Eagles’, demonstrates that this producer is no coward. The song is nineteen minutes long, which shows that this man knows how to keep a listener engaged with a daring intermission between the two halves of the song. Britney Spears this isn’t. Another song, ‘Drink to Get Drunk’, evokes a powerful feeling of an almost soul and jazz undertone through its vocals sung by Australian singer Sia. This is just another demonstration of Sander Van Doorn’s fearlessness in producing his greatest album yet. The whole album is a testament to the fact that just because something isn’t being constan tly played on the radio, or at all, in this case, does not mean it is not worth listening to. It was a pleasure to review this album and I hope it will receive the acclaim it deserves.

Duties and Responsibilities of Directors

Question: Discuss about the Duties and Responsibilities of Directors. Answer: Introduction Directors are the image of leadership in any company or organisation; they control and manage its activities(Longman, 2003, p. 440). According to s 9 of the Corporations Act 2001, the director of a company is one who is appointed to fill this position or that of an alternate director acting in a similar capacity(Gibson Fraser, 2013, p. 726). This is subject to certain qualifications such as age where they must have attained the age of majority. Additionally, a disqualified person under part 2D.6 of the Act cannot be appointed as a director except by leave of court or permission granted by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The definition provided in the Corporations Act 2001 is broad enough to encompass directors who may go by other titles or people acting as directors but have not been appointed to the role(Cassidy, 2006, p. 179). In Perkins v Vincy [2001] SASC 362, the defendant had carried out duties as a director despite not having been properly appoint ed as one, based on these facts the court held his as a director. Directors duties in New South Wales, and Australia at large, have greatly evolved over the years. Stemming from the provisions of common law adopted from the UK, they are now incorporated in statute by way of the Corporations Act 2001. The history of these duties, the current provisions and possible future direction while be analysed in the following discussion. The research will also delve into the consequences resulting in a breach of these duties and remedies available to aggrieved parties. This discussion is aimed at evaluating the duties and responsibilities of directors under Australian Corporations Law. An Overview of Directors Duties The duties of directors in Australia are drafted to achieve good governance and ascertain that directors carry out the companys interests above their own(PWC Australia, 2011). They have been categorised, but are not limited to: the duty of care and diligence, the duty to act in good faith, the duty not to use information for personal benefit and the duty not to misuse their position as directors to gain advantage; they are enforced by the ASIC (CCH Australia Ltd, 2011, p. xii). According to Romer J in Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407, the standard of care in this duty is tested against the actions or inactions of a reasonable man under similar circumstances(Corkery, 1987, p. 133). This duty is encompassed under s 180 of the Act which recognises the duties of directors under common law as well as the business judgment rule. In addition to this test, the size and type of company, the constitution of its board of directors as well as how they distribute their duties should also be considered in the determination of care and diligence employed(Douglas, 2015). Directors duties vary as per their personal skills and qualifications. The breach of the duty of care and diligence constitutes an act of negligence and can be brought to court as such(Douglas, 2015). Although directors are expected to exercise due diligence, the law appreciates that not all decisions will be fruitful; it is for this reason that the business judgement rule exists to pr otect directors from unnecessary prosecution(Latimer, 2012, p. 698). In addition to diligence, directors have a duty to ensure loyalty and good faith as they carry out their duties(Latimer, 2012). This duty emanates from the fiduciary relationship they have with shareholders; they are put in a position of trust to ensure the interests of shareholders are met above theirs, as illustrated in Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134(Cassidy, 2006, p. 216). In this case, directors put their interests above those of the company where they purchased property in the companys name without fully informing shareholders in order to gain consent. The court found the directors in breach of their fiduciary duty. Section 181 of the Act expects directors to act in good faith; that is, in a manner geared to ensure the companys interests are met. As such, they should ensure to avoid the compromising situation and to disclose any conflict of interest arising as they conduct their duties(Australina Institute of Company Directors). The concept of proper purpose was established in Mills v Mills [1938] 60 CLR 150 where it was held that the but for test can be applied to determine whether a directors actions were aimed at carrying out the proper purpose(Bartholomeusz, 2015). Megarry V.C. stated that this case illuminated that, where the main purpose of a directors decision was in the best interests of the company than an incidental benefit to the director would be inconsequential(Ritson, p. 634). According to the courts, it is up to the directors to determine what serves as the best interest of the company as seen in Re Smith Fawcett Ltd [1942] Ch 304, however the reasonable mans test is applied to determine the objectivity of these decisions(Cassidy, 2006, p. 217). In New South Wales, this was illustrated in Winthrop Investments Ltd v Winns Ltd(1975) NSW, the Court of Appeal held that a general meeting of the companys shareholders, having been fully informed of the facts, would endorse an execution of directors powers where it would otherwise constitute a breach of their fiduciary duty; and may give future authority to execute similar authority if it is in the companys best interests provided honesty and full disclosure is employed(FindLaw Australia). Directors, therefore, have a duty to ensure they are driven by the interests of the company and employ honesty and reasonableness in making their decisions. The duty not to use their position for personal gain ties in with the aforementioned fiduciary duty. Section 182 of the Act provides that a director, who conducts themselves in a manner that would be of advantage to them or disadvantage to the company is in breach of their managerial duties despite the result of said conduct or decision. Where a director discovers they have any material interest that would compromise the above-mentioned duty, they should disclose their conflicting interest to the company as per s 191 of the Act. Additionally, directors are obliged to ensure they do not use any information they acquire as a result of their position to their own advantage or that of another at the detriment of the company. This duty is placed on them by s 183 of the Act and is applicable even after they exit the company; breach attracts a civil penalty. Directors are also tasked with ensuring that they prevent insolvent trading; that is ensuring the company does not trade while insolvent or where it seems it may be insolvent(AICD, 2013). Failure to prevent the company from taking up debt amounts to a breach of duty if it is discovered that they, directors, were aware of the companys possible insolvency (Tunstall, 2017). This provision is found under s 588G (1) and (2). Additionally, directors are tasked with ensuring financial records and financial reporting is up to date as per the provisions of s 344 of the Act. The Evolution of Directors Duties and Responsibilities Modern Australian corporations law, which encompasses the duties and responsibilities of directors, has its roots in the developments of company law in England in 1825(Bathurst, 2013). The Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 made directors liable if they paid out dividends during insolvency; most contributions, however, were by way of case law. The fiduciary duties of directors to their companies were first established in the early twentieth century(Bathurst, 2013). Isaacs J, in Australian Metropolitan Life Insurance Co Ltd v Ure (1923) 33 CLR 199 at 217, refers to evidence in case law of the earlier recognitions of these duties. In 1925, Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407 directors duty to execute their activities by employing due care and diligence in their activities was recognised; as aforementioned, this is tested against the act or omission of a reasonable man under the same circumstances. According to the court, the standard of care employed, while including the reasonable mans test should also pay regard to the nature of the companys business as well as the directors qualifications and experiences in their line of duty. Additionally, it is important to note that directors are free to delegate certain duties to other company officials. Where they delegate, directors should ensure these duties are performed with utmost honesty and diligence. Although not the first case, Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd is commonly recognised as the case illustrating the duty of care expected of company directors(Bathurst, 2013). All the aforementioned principles, although still largely aspects of common law are today encompassed in the Corporations Act 2001 and have thus become statutory duties that carry with them penalties as well as a possible criminal liability that could result in incarceration. Directors Duties in Public and Proprietary Companies It is important to note that although the general duties of directors are similar among both proprietary and public companies, the law places stricter responsibilities on public companies which are required to be more transparent. Failure to comply with the duties and responsibilities set aside for public companies can lead to delisting and as such directors are expected to be more diligent. An example is found in s 674 of the Act which obliges directors of public listed companies to disclose any information that would affect the value of their securities as per the listing rules failure to which constitutes an offence. On the other hand, s 188 of the Act places certain corporate social responsibility duties on company secretaries and it is the duty of directors in proprietary companies to ensure they are carried by the company secretary. .However, the basic duties remain the same in both types of companies. Consequences and Remedies for Breach of Duty The failure of company directors to comply with their duties has serious consequences, which may include a 5-year jail term, criminal and civil penalties or fines of up to $200,000, dismissal as manager as well as the possible personal liability of the directors found in offence(Moroney, 2016). When winding up a company, either by court order or voluntarily, the companys administrator in charge of the liquidation process can lead actions against the directors found in breach of their duties and have them found personally liable. ASIC as the body in charge of enforcing directors duties can conduct investigations where it receives any reports of a possible breach and commence criminal proceedings thereafter(Moroney, 2016). The courts, where a breach has been identified, can offer the following remedies: and injunction, damages, restoration of company property, rescission, an account of profits and summary dismissal(FindLaw Australia). The Future of Directors Duties in Australia Directors duties over the years have evolved with the times and it is expected that as the corporate industry evolves these duties will continue to evolve as well to accommodate these changes. Just as the modern idea of corporation in Australia emerged from the early Crown monopolies so is it expected that current company law, and the duties of directors today will influence the future ideas of directors duties. The future of Australian company directors will be characterised by a dynamic legal environment greatly influenced by the concepts of globalisation and technology. However, amidst the ever-changing corporate industry, the core principles of directors duties emanating from common law should not be set aside. Conclusion As aforementioned, directors play an important role in ensuring good corporate governance. Directors duties have evolved over the years from common law provisions to statutory duties. At common law, directors are generally expected to act in good faith, exercise diligence, act in the best interests of the company and disclose any possible conflicts of interest. It is clear from the discussion above that these common law duties are the same which have been adopted into statute by way of the Corporations Act 2001. The Act tasks directors with ensuring they carry out these duties, among others, and creates consequences by way of penalties, fines and possible incarceration to ensure adherence. Where a director breaches the duties bestowed on him, courts can award various remedies such as injunctions, damages, an account of profits, and restitution of property as well as rescission of contracts. As the corporate industry evolves it is expected that these duties will evolve as well to acco mmodate these changes. References AICD. (2013, January). General Duties of Directors. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Company Directors: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/resources/all-sectors/roles-duties-and-responsibilities/general-duties-of-directors Australian Institute of Company Directors. (n.d.). What are the duties of Directors? Retrieved from Company Directors: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/resources/members/pdf/what-are-the-duties-of-directors.ashx Bartholomeusz, S. (2015, January 27). Directors Duties in Focus- Duty not to Act for an Improper Purpose. Retrieved from You Legal: https://youlegal.com.au/directors-duties-in-focus-improper-purpose/ Bathurst, T. F. (2013, September 3). "The Historical Development of Corporations Law". Retrieved from Supreme Court Justice NSW: https://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Speeches/Pre-2015%20Speeches/Bathurst/bathurst_20130903.pdf Cassidy, J. (2006). Concise Corporations Law. Sydney: Federation Press. CCH Australia Ltd. (2011). Australian Corporations Securities Legislation: Corporations Act 2001, ASIC Act 2001, related regulations. Wolter Kluwer Group. Corkery, J. F. (1987). Directors' Duties of Care, Skill and Diligence. In J. F. Corkery, Directors' Powers and Duties (pp. 131-144). Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Douglas, J. (2015, August 3). Directors' duty of care and diligence. Retrieved from Legal Vision: https://legalvision.com.au/directors-duty-of-care-and-diligence/ FindLaw Australia. (n.d.). Effects of Breaching Directors' Duties. Retrieved from Find Law Australia: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/189/effects-of-breaching-directors-duties.aspx Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2013). Business Law 2014. NSW: Pearson Higher Education AU. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. Longman. (2003). Dictionary of Contemporary English. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Mills v Mills, 150 (60 CLR [1938]). Moroney, L. (2016, April 27). Consequences for Breaching Directors Duties. Retrieved from Legal Vision: https://legalvision.com.au/consequences-for-breaching-directors-duties/ Perkins v Vincy, 362 (SASC [2001]). PWC Australia. (2011). A Guide to Directors' Duties and Responsibilities for non-listed public companies in Australia. Retrieved from PricewaterhouseCoopers: https://etraining.communitydoor.org.au/pluginfile.php/608/course/section/95/GuideDirectors_Apr08.pdf Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co, 407 (Ch [1967]). Re Smith Fawcett Ltd, 304 (Ch [1942]). Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver, 134 (2 AC [1967]). Ritson, L. (n.d.). The "Proper Purposes" Duty of Directors and Defensive Measure Against Company Takeovers. Sydney Law Review, 627-638. Tunstall, I. (2017). Directors duty to prevent insolvent trading. Retrieved from FindLaw Australia: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/616/directors-duty-to-prevent-insolvent-trading.aspx Winthrop Investments Ltd v Winns Ltd, 666 (2 NSWLR [1975]).

Writing a Sample Essay About Schizophrenia

Writing a Sample Essay About SchizophreniaIf you're thinking of writing a sample essay about schizophrenia, there are many things you need to know. This is the second in a series of articles about writing an essay about schizophrenia.Writing a sample essay about schizophrenia does not have to be difficult or take a long time. All you need to do is use your creativity and intelligence, and practice, and you'll be writing a highly effective essay in no time.One of the most important steps in writing a sample essay about schizophrenia is a plan. You need to know what it is you want to say in your essay, and where you want to place it in the essay. Make sure you set some parameters before you begin writing so that you know how much you have to say and where you will place the information.Writing a sample essay about schizophrenia also requires a specific research strategy. The first step in researching a topic is doing background research. You need to find out more about the disease in g eneral and what it can do to someone's life. For example, what type of help are you going to need to recover from the illness?Knowing more about the disease is a great idea, and it may help you find more resources. Start by searching the internet for resources. Look for information from patients and medical professionals to learn about the disease and what help they provide.Writing a sample essay about schizophrenia also includes writing about the symptoms of the disease. For example, it helps to know how the symptoms vary depending on the location of the patient. This is also useful in determining what sort of help is needed in the treatment of the illness. For example, if you live in the city, a sign or notice is going to be needed in the area with the illness.Last, but not least, you need to think about the different ways to write your essay. Do you want to focus on your own experiences with the disease, or would you like to let other people know what you went through? This can b e a great way to learn about the disease and how to cope with it. Think about this as a way to share your experiences with others and help them.

Reasons Raising the Minimum Wage Can Hurt the Economy

Reasons Raising the Minimum Wage Can Hurt the Economy According to the left, raising the minimum wage and providing a fair wage is the best way to eliminate poverty and address income inequality. But doing so has consequences far beyond an employee simply getting a raise on their paycheck one day and thats the end of it. Weve already seen the consequences of the poorly thought out, expensive, and lousily executed Obamacare laws and drastically raising the minimum wage the way liberals are proposing could lead to equally unfortunate outcomes for the very people the law is supposed to help. 1. Attempting to artificially raise incomes through a minimum wage increase is more about electoral politics than it is about actually helping people achieve the American Dream. Indeed, when polled people regularly support such a raise, because who would oppose people making more money? But economics realities are more than what sounds nice, and everyone would be better off by supporting true pro-growth policies that open up opportunities for everyone willing to work for the American Dream, rather than expect it be handed to them. Artificial wage increases can set the economy back while not even finding true relief for those the increase are intended to help. 2. If the goal is to lift people out of poverty, this will not do that. Figure that a huge chunk of minimum wage jobs are part-time, and the number of part-time jobs as a percentage of the workforce are only increasing already because of Obamacare. How many people would rather make $8.50 an hour and work 40 hours a week with a company-sponsored insurance plan over making $10 an hour with hours cut back to 28 per week and left to shop at an Obamacare exchange for excessive and costly insurance they might not need? (And even if the plans are cheap because of subsidies, the Obamacare deductibles are probably out of reach for these people anyway.) 3. Do this math equation: Obamacare Higher Wages for Unskilled Labor - Cost to Replace Said Worker with a Machine Adios jobs. The high costs of Obamacare plus increased wages (which also means higher payroll taxes paid by the employer) makes it more attractive to replace low-skilled jobs with machines. Self-service food-ordering machines are already being implemented in many restaurants nationwide. 4. Minimum wage jobs are typically low-skill or entry level jobs. If the costs to fill low-skill positions become to high, consolidation can occur and businesses are likely to replace two or three employees with one employee who excels and can do multiple jobs quicker. In other words, it would probably be more attractive to hire an ambitious and talented self-starter at $18 an hour to replace 2-3 less ambitious or inefficient employees making $10 an hour each. A business could even pay the one employee some solid over-time and still be ahead in the end. The more an employee is paid, the more is expected of them. Making jobs artificially more expensive also makes employees with less skill or who are new to the workforce more expendable. And these are the people the new laws are intended to help. 5. Believe it or not, the money needed to pay these employees has to come from somewhere. Retailers - who probably employ the greatest percentage or minimum wage earners - would simply be forced to raise the price of goods and services. So even if someone makes an extra $28 bucks a week, how much more are the same workers going to have to pay for food, gas, or clothing to make up for increased labor costs? 6. Different states have different economies and the cost of living in New York is different than the cost of living in Texas. It simply does not make sense to have a one-size plan for completely different economies. This is why, of course, conservatives believe in federalism and believe that Alabamans have the right to live how they want to and Vermonters have the right to live how they want to. Nationally centralized policies rarely work when their are so many factors in play. 7. Many small businesses already struggle to survive with the current burdensome regulations offered up by the federal government. Many rely on part-time help from high-schoolers to scoop ice cream, work the car wash, or deliver flowers. Small businesses are already at a disadvantage as they typically have higher overhead costs and must make more margin on products sold just to survive. This would only make it more difficult for them to succeed. 8. The minimum wage is seemingly raised every few years, and its never enough in the long run. After all, a minimum wage at $10 is still a minimum wage. And if higher labor costs cause the price of everything to go up anyway, the power of the dollar is merely weakened and no progress has been made. Which brings us back to our first point: The American economy needs true economic growth that enables people to succeed, not a policy based on a bumper-sticker slogan that offers a temporary feel-good fix that will be just as worthless and new minimum wage increase demands roll around. 9. Higher paid employees will want raises equal to those of the minimum wage employees. If people at the bottom of the pay chain get a 20% raise, everyone who makes more than that will also expect - and perhaps rightly so - a 20% raise as well. Imagine having worked in a job for a few years and earned increases only to have some guy hired at the same rate on day one because the government says so. Now businesses either pay all of their employees more or enjoy a disgruntled workforce. In the end, minimum wage increases go beyond increasing labor costs for just the targeted group. 10. This is where the harsh reality sets in: Minimum wage jobs are not intended to enable people to raise a family of five on. They simply arent. Yes, there are circumstances where people are forced to take jobs at minimum wage, perhaps more now than ever. But minimum wage jobs are designed for entry-level workers, kids in high school (who Id assume shouldnt have the need for $20K/yr jobs), or those looking to add a little extra money through a second job. The point is to move up from there into intermediate jobs, and with enough hard work a very well-paying job. Thats pretty much the point of a minimum wage job, and the point is not to support families. Its nice to say that a full week of work means everyone who does so gets a house, SUV, and an iPhone (and how many struggling minimum wage workers have the last one?), but the reality is that is not what those jobs are intended for. The problem with the lefts over-simplified solution to the economy is that the more expensive these jo bs get, the more likely those that need them will be able to get them. And how does that help anyone?

Environmental Vocabulary for English Learners

Environmental Vocabulary for English Learners For English-language learners, vocabulary related to environmental issues can be challenging. Tables sectioned according to types of environmental issues can help. These tables provide the word or phrase in the left column and an example of how to use the term(s) in the righthand column to provide context. Important Issues From acid rain to pollution and radioactive waste, there are many environmental issues around which discussion and debate have evolved. Students will likely hear many of these terms on the news or read about them on the internet and in newspapers. The general list of issues should prove helpful. Term or Phrase Example Sentence acid rain The acid rain ruined the soil for the next three generations. aerosol Aerosol can be extremely toxic and must be used with care when sprayed in the air. animal welfare We must consider animal welfare as we strive to create a balance between man and nature. carbon monoxide Its important to have a carbon monoxide detector in your home for safety. climate The climate of an area can change over long periods of time. conservation Conservation focuses on making sure we protect the nature we havent already lost. endangered species There are many endangered species all over the planet that need our help. energy Humans are using an ever increasing amount of energy. nuclear energy Nuclear energy has passed out of fashion after a number of serious environmental disasters. solar energy Many hope that solar energy can wean us off our need for fossil fuels. exhaust fumes The exhaust fumes from cars standing in traffic can make you cough. fertilizers Fertilizers used by huge farms can pollute drinking water for miles around. forest fires Forest fires can burn out of control and create hazy weather conditions. global warming Some doubt that global warming is real. greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is said to heat up the earth. (non)renewable resources As we move forward, we need to become more dependent on renewable energy resources. nuclear The exploration of nuclear science has created great boons, as well as horrific dangers for humanity. nuclear fallout The nuclear fallout from a bomb would be devastating to the local population. nuclear reactor The nuclear reactor was taken offline because of technical problems. Oil slick The oil slick caused by the sinking vessel could be seen for tens of miles. ozone layer Industrial additives have been threatening the ozone layer for many years. pesticide While its true that pesticides help kill off unwanted insects, there are serious problems to be considered. pollution Water and air pollution situations have improved over the last few decades in many countries. protected animal Its a protected animal in this country. You cant hunt it! rainforest The rain forest is lush and green, bursting with life from all sides. unleaded petrol Unleaded petrol is certainly cleaner than leaded petrol. waste The amount of plastic waste in the ocean is shocking. nuclear waste Nuclear waste can remain active for many thousands of years. radioactive waste They stored the radioactive waste at the site in Hanford. wildlife We must take the wildlife into account before we develop the site. Natural Disasters From drought to volcanic eruptions, natural disasters are a big part of the environmental discussion, as this table shows. Term or Phrase Example Sentence drought The drought has gone on for sixteen straight months. No water to be seen! earthquake The earthquake devastated the little village in the Rhine River. flood The flood forced more than 100 families from their homes. tidal wave A tidal wave hit the island. Luckily, no one was lost. typhoon The typhoon hit and dropped more than ten inches of rain in one hour! volcanic eruption Volcanic eruptions are spectacular, but they dont occur very often. Politics and Action Discussion generally leads to the formation of environmental groups and actions, some positive and some negative, as this final listing demonstrates. Environmental groups are followed by a listing of verbs (or actions) related to the environment and environmental issues. Term or Phrase Example Sentence environmental group The environmental group presented their case to the community. green issues Green issues have become one of the most important themes of this election cycle. pressure group The pressure group forced the company to stop building on that site. cut down We need to cut down on pollution drastically. destroy Human greed destroys millions of acres each year. dispose (of) The government must dispose of the waste properly. dump You can dump recyclable garbage in this container. protect Its our responsibility to protect the natural habit of this beautiful planet before its too late. pollute If you pollute in your own backyard, youll eventually notice it. recycle Make sure to recycle all paper and plastics. save We save bottles and newspapers to take to recycle at the end of each month. throw away Never just throw away a plastic bottle. Recycle it! use up Hopefully, well not use up all our resources before we start solving this problem together.

Harassment and Bullying when using Email, SMS, Facebook in Workplace Research Paper

Harassment and Bullying when using Email, SMS, Facebook in Workplace - Research Paper Example This study also denotes employers’ inadequate capacity to deal with cyber bullying due to constant evolution of communication platforms and sensitivity of intertwined political and personal issues, particularly in regard to social networking and instant texting. Nevertheless, the paper denotes measures, guidelines and standards that can be adopted in a work environment to curb cyber bullying and bolster a firm’s productivity. Bullying at the work environment is not a new phenomenon. However, following the continued advancement of technology, and particularly in digital communication, bullying is adopting new platforms. For instance, employees if not properly managed can easily convey negative messages about their co-workers via email, short message service (SMS) and other social media conduits like Twitter and Facebook. With the current levels of development, malevolent gossip regarding an employee can be transmitted to others across the internet within an instant, thus reaching a broad audience not just within the organization, but to external targets as well. Such hurtful, and most often false rumors, can adversely affect the subject’s working capability, reputation and even his or her future career. It is also crucial to note that any person can post the negative comments online and once this is done, it is difficult to dispute the information or even remove it. Another noteworthy aspect is that, cyber bullying is not limited to conventional working places and work hours. This is because of the rise in number of laptops and other mobile communication gadgets, such as internet enabled phones and computer tablets (Privitera and Campbell, 2009, pp. 398-400). As a result, cyber bullying traverses the physical and time limitations of an ordinary workplace, and workers can post negative messages even in the comfort of their homes. Failure to address cyber bullying at the workplace would lead to the unnecessary loss of productive employees, hen ce inability to utilize social media to foster the organization’s performance. Cyber Bullying Incidences The conveyance of negative information within or outside the workplace, by employees with malign intent has led to the increasingly worrying cases of cyber bullying (Hinduja and Patchin, 2007). Outlined herein are some of the most common forms of employee harassment via the internet and other contemporary communications channels: Conveyance of spiteful or intimidating SMS communications or emails to a certain worker’s cellular phone or computer address, respectively. Electronic or mobile communications, which are characterized by unpleasant content like explicit pictures, comments or jokes that seek to mock an individual’s religion, sexual preference or ethnicity. Mobile or electronic messages which seek to provide feedback or propose correction to a certain person, with the sole aim of demeaning the individual or shaming him or her publicly. Malevolent or me nacing comments regarding a particular person put up on social sites of blogs. Distribution of offensive and embarrassing videos or photographs of a person, which in most cases may be falsely acquired through manipulation. Displaying desktop wallpapers or screen savers that feature offensive content, with the aim of shaming a specific person. Even though cyber bullying bears numerous similarities with the conventional modes of harassment, it has the capability to escalate faster and with elevated aggression. This is because perpetrators of the

Compare and contrast the responses of Japan, China, and India to Essay

Compare and contrast the responses of Japan, China, and India to Western Imperialism - Essay Example China sort of made the rules and had the technology and was powerful, so they were able to fend off Western intervention for a long time. But when their defenses finally broke down in the nineteenth century, China collapsed. Japan fended it off almost entirely. That's why Japan is the one area of the Third World that developed. That's striking. The one part of the Third World that wasn't colonized is the one part that's part of the industrialized world. That's not by accident† (Chomsky, 1993). India, China and Japan demonstrate that there is a direct correlation between degree of involvement and colonization and ultimate success. India is the most colonized of the three: It was largely controlled by the British by the 1700s (Keay, 2001; Chomsky, 1993). In the 16th century, it was already dealing with extensive incursions from Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Britain, and the Europeans eventually emerged victorious over Muslim and Hindu kings, with the East India Company ta king much of the country's control until the Sepoy Mutiny brought it under direct control of the crown (Keay, 2001, 250-500). India is a very complex country: A leader of the non-aligned movement, one that tried to balance between Communism and capitalism, Leninism and free markets... (Khilnani, 1999). Nonetheless, it was in many ways uniquely devastated by colonization. It had burgeoning industries of large-scale sophistication, with good quality in crops and shipbuilding and prosperity in many ways comparable to the Europeans (Keay, 2001; Chomsky, 1993). That was consciously destroyed. The result is that â€Å"India's rural landscape looks rather different from that of most tropical ex-colonies† (Keay, 2001, 448). Two crops were developed, indigo and poppy, across the country, and tea and cotton is still grown in Assam and Kerala, but in most areas, small cottages still produce without much capitalization or integration (Keay, 2001, 448-449). Nehru, in a review of Indian de velopment, found a direct correlation between poverty and length of European control: â€Å" When the British first moved into Bengal, it was one of the richest places in the world. The first British merchant warriors described it as a paradise. That area is now Bangladesh and Calcutta—the very symbols of despair and hopelessness† (Chomsky, 1994, 56). Of course, it's an important point to make that at least in India, the native population wasn't simply exterminated, like in North America. India is a growing economy now, but with a billion people, it is still nowhere near as prosperous as countries with one-fifth or less of its population size. In 2009, the United States had $45,989 per capita, the UK had $35,165 and India had $1,134. For comparison, China has $3,744 GDP per capita and Japan $39,738 (World Bank, 2009). Per capita income variation among these three countries is thirty fold: India was totally integrated and is now a Third World country; China resisted to some extent and is a Second World country; and Japan kept the Europeans at bay almost entirely and is a First World country. India was explored because of tea, cotton, indigo, and for the standard reasons for colonization: A market for cheap goods and cheap employment (Keay, 2001). However, unlike many other colonies, India was also colonized to destroy its native industries so as to prevent competition (Chomsky, 1993). Meanwhile, China was not fully colonized, but major efforts were made

Diabetes Education: The Increase In Diabetes

Diabetes Education: The Increase In Diabetes Diabetes is becoming a worldwide epidemic. It is one of the biggest health challenges that the United Kingdom (UK) is facing today with one person being diagnosed with diabetes every 3 minutes (Diabetes UK, 2009). The latest data indicates that there are now 2.8 million of people with diabetes in UK and nine out of ten people diagnosed with diabetes are Type 2 diabetes (2.5 millions). According to health experts, UK is now facing a huge public health problem and the figure is set to rise to four million by the year 2025. (Diabetes UK, 2010). The alarming increase in diabetes prevalence is a great cause of concern and has a devastating economic effect. Recent estimate shows that 10% of National Health System (NHS) spending equivalent to 9 billion pounds a year, 1 million pounds per hour goes on diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008). The direct and indirect cost to the NHS of caring for people with Type 2 diabetes and its complications are staggering and will continue to rise with the increasing incidence of the disease. As a result of this health crisis and significant financial burden, the NHS needs to respond to this massive strain by looking at more effective and efficient ways of providing diabetes care. It is therefore of primary importance for our local primary care diabetes services to identify ways to deliver an effective quality care for people with diabetes to counter this worrying trend. 1.1 Diabetes Education Diabetes education has been considered as one of the key components of diabetes care since the 1930s and has been increasingly recognised as an integral part of the disease (Atak Arslan, 2005). Nicolucci et al (1996) demonstrated that people who have never received diabetes education had a striking fourfold increased risks of developing major diabetes complications. Furthermore, the study done by Rickiem et al (2002), showed that diabetes education has an overall positive effect on the health and psychosocial outcome. It helps to improve patients skills and knowledge on the condition and enables beneficial change in the behaviour. Diabetes education has a profound effect on glycemic control, quality of life and treatment satisfaction (clinical governance support team, 2004). Stratton et al (2000) suggested that improving Hba1c by just 1% through diabetes education can significantly reduce risk of complications. In view of all the evidence, the importance of diabetes education has been highlighted and well advocated by the National Service Framework (NSF) and National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2003) . The NSF emphasizes that diabetes education should be made available from the point of diagnosis onwards and proposes that education should involve a structured program for people who have been newly diagnosed. This has been encouraged by NICE which recommends that all patients received structured education at initial diagnosis and then on a regular basis according to need (NICE, 2003). However there is insufficient evidence currently available to recommend a specific type of education or provide guidance on the setting for, or frequency of, sessions. In this context, how best to provide structured education to people with diabetes is an important question. NICE acknowledge the limited evidence to suggest which approach is most appropriate and state that to achieve maximum effectiveness, some principle of good practice should be in place(NICE, 2003). According to NICE criteria, diabetes education should reflect the principle of adult learning, provided by trained educators including a DSN or practice nurse with diabetes experience, and a dietitian, use a variety of techniques to promote active learning, be accessible to the broadest range of people taking into account their ethnicity, culture and beliefs. 1.2 Aim of Diabetes Education The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2003) states that the aim of education for people with diabetes is: To improve their knowledge and skills, enabling them to take control of their own condition and to integrate self-management into their daily lives. Diabetes education should allow people to engage in their own health to put what theyve learned into action. Traditional health education can give them the information they need but the learning experience may not engage and empower them to use what theyve learned in their daily lives. Education was focused on passive didactic format where patients do not interact with the educator and generally use a lecture or print format (Norris et al, 2001). Middleton et al (2006) found that its purpose was often unclear to both patients and health care professionals. The old model of education is outmoded and ineffective (Skinner et al, 2007). Education has now moved towards a collaborative format where patient actively participate in the learning process through small group discussion, role playing and other interactive techniques (Norris et al, 2001). 1.3 Patient Centered Approach and Empowerment The National Service Framework for diabetes (DoH, 2001) standard 3 states that all people with diabetes will: Receive a service which encourages partnership in decision-making, supports them in managing their diabetes and helps them to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of diabetes education is clear. It should empower people with diabetes to make informed choices about their condition (Funnel and Anderson, 2003). Anderson et al (1991) at the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center (MDRTC) introduced empowerment into patient education in diabetes at the beginning of the 1990s in the US. They implemented empowerment group education programmes in diabetes (empowerment programme) and evaluated their programme. An improvement in self-efficacy and glycaemic control was reported among the patients who had participated in the programme compared to those in the wait-listed control group. Following the valuation of patient educational interventions for people with type 2 diabetes during the 21st century, Deakin et al (2006) showed that there is a trend to actively involve patients in their care in accordance with the empowerment philosophy. The investigator compared group education programmes with routine diabetes care and found that group-based programmes involving patient empowerment has positive effect on biomedical and psychological out come. The concept of empowerment requires an initial understanding of what the treatment pathway is trying to achieve and is continual information sharing process encompassing learning and behaviour change which aims to allow the patient to take responsibility for their own condition. (Meetoo and Gopaul, 2004) For empowerment to be effective it is important for patients to have the appropriate information to enable them to make informed choices, if they have the capability and desire to do so. They need to be able to agree plans and set goals with the support of the care team. To do so, it is important for them to understand their disease.The NSF set to ensure that people with diabetes are empowered to enhance their personal control on a day to day management of the condition. Implications for service planning were highlighted detailing how NHS will need to develop, review and audit education program to empower people with diabetes, (DoH, 2001) People are more likely to make behavioural changes if they are facilitated through patient centered care rather than imposed by care based on the medical model of delivery (DoH, 2001a).The philosophy of practice which support patient centered approached for diabetes education is well documented in chapter 3 of the DoH publication structured patient education in diabetes: report from the patient education working group (DoH, 2005). Specific strategies that grew out of the patient centered model included the following: affirming that the person with diabetes is responsible for and in control of the daily self-management of diabetes; educating patients to promote informed decision making rather than adherence/compliance; learning to set behavioural goals so that patients can make changes of their own choosing; integrating clinical, psychosocial, and behavioural aspects of diabetes self-management; affirming the participants as experts on their own learning needs; affirming the ability of participants to determine an approach to diabetes self-management that will work for them; affirming the innate capacity of patients to identify and learn to solve their own problems; respecting cultural, ethnic, and religious beliefs of the target population; creating opportunities for social support; and Providing ongoing self-management support. Overall the diabetes education must provide knowledge and skills, be tailored to the needs of the individual and include skills-based approaches to education. It should support people with diabetes to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle, prevent and manage diabetes related complications that will result in improved quality of life and self-management. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to work in partnerships in the decision-making process to support the individual to manage his or her condition. 1.4 Effectiveness of Diabetes Group Education The manner in which education is delivered can be the subject of much debate. Education can be delivered in a one to one session or in group settings. Diabetes group education has been seen as an effective intervention since 1970 (Mensing, 2003). Traditionally, it was more of a medical model where patients handed their medical problem for the doctors to cure. They are told what to do and expecting good results (Calabretta, 2002). As the process of group education has evolved over time, diabetes education has changed from a medical didactic presentation to more of theoretical, patient centered and empowerment model. Diabetes group education is now seen as a first line approach to improve diabetes outcome. With the increase in number of people diagnosed with diabetes, more education is being delivered now in groups as compared to the past. The environment should support and reinforce self management and patients and their health care should work in collaborative way. Self management can only be successful in a well organised and coordinated diabetes service where patients are supported to make informed choices (Norris et al, 2001). Several reviews and meta- analyses provide valuable information on the effectiveness of group education. Mullen et al( 1985) found that patient knowledge about their medication significantly improved in group education, one to one counselling , written and other audiovisual material. Norris et al (2002) suggest that the literature in diabetes education is divided although there may be more positive effect on group education as compared to the individual one. Deakin et al(2006) showed that there is some evidence to support group-based diabetes self-management education as an effective way to improve knowledge and glycemic control and to reduce BP, body mass index (BMI), and the need for diabetes medication. However, a number of issues arise when reviewing the literature on the relative effectiveness of group education compared to individual ones. Some researchers make comparison difficult by focusing on different outcome rather than the delivery format whereas others compare it with usual program without considering the relative effectiveness (Mensing,2003). Wilson (1997) noted that it is not easy to figure out whether the outcome is from an educational approach based on a specific theory or from intervention applied to a specific setting and population. Given these issues and limitation, it is difficult to draw conclusion about group effectiveness. More evaluation research must be done in this field to answer these questions. NICE (2003) has highlighted the effectiveness of group education sessions .For healthcare professionals, group sessions are considered as the most cost-effective way of delivering education. In the present financial climate, and with the increase in the numbers of people with newly diagnosed diabetes, it could be argued that group education is the only way forward if healthcare professionals are to be able to provide education for the majority of people with diabetes. A group approach to patient education makes sense from what we already know about the positive effects of peer support and the inadequacies of the brief medical appointment. The potential benefit of an effective group education programme for people with type 2 diabetes is to enhance skill and knowledge, to make positive behavioural changes for better metabolic outcome, psychological outcome and improve quality of life. 1.5 The Two National Programs for people with type 2 Diabetes : XPERT AND DESMOND Most people diagnosed with diabetes are offered some sort of education, at least when they are diagnosed (NICE, 2008). However, there is still much debate over the educa ­tional approach that is most effective in delivering such crucial health information in a way that leads to measurable changes in patient behaviour and improved clinical outcomes. The two national group education programs available for adults with type 2 diabetes are (DESMOND) and X-PERT program. Both are patient centered, meet the NICE key criteria, flexible in their content and adaptable to patients educational and cultural background. However, the two structured group varies in their cost implication and duration of the program. Depending upon primary care trust funding funding, avaibility of health care professionals and what best suits patients, either DESMOND or X_PERT are chosen to be delivered by the primary care trust. 1.51 XPERT DIABETES PROGRAM The X-PERT diabetes programme is a six-week professionally-led programme based on the theories of patient empowerment and patient activation. The X-PERT course is designed to be delivered to anyone diagnosed with diabetes It aims to increase knowledge, skills and confidence leading to informed decisions regarding diabetes self-management (Deakin Whitham,2010). Participation in the X-PERT Programme by adults with type 2 diabetes has been shown at 14 months to have led to improved glycaemic control, reduced total cholesterol level, improved body mass index and waist circumference, reduced requirement for diabetes medication, increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, increased enjoyment of food, and improved knowledge of diabetes, self-empowerment, self-management skills and treatment satisfaction (Deakin et al, 2006). Contents of the X-PERT Diabetes Programme include: What is diabetes? The eatwell plate and energy balance. Carbohydrate awareness and glycaemic index. The benefits of physical activity. Supermarket tour and understanding food labels. Possible complications of diabetes and their prevention. Lifestyle experiment. Are you an X-PERT? Game. Care Planning: the lifestyle experiment. There is a one off cost to run X-PERT and this is approximated to  £1400. 1.52 DESMOND The DESMOND programme was launched in 2004, and is currently the most familiar education programme provided in the UK. It was developed as a collaborative project involving a multidisciplinary, multicentre collaborative team which agreed upon a core set of philosophical principles to the use of informed choice as the key to empowerment. They drew the program on three theoretical approaches: the common-sense model of illness, social learning theory, and use of a discovery learning process (DESMOND, 2004). DESMOND aims to educate patients about type 2 diabetes. It provides resources for them to manage their disease, and offer a group-based opportunity to meet and share experiences with others in the same situation .The DESMOND programme is facilitated by two health care professionals who have been formally trained. The course is usually delivered for 6 hours and is based on a formal curriculum. It is offered either as a 1-day or 2 half-day sessions and accommodates 6-10 patients in one group. DESMOND helps to promote the understanding of type 2 diabetes, allowing the patients to be more knowledgeable about the condition and what can benefit their long-term health. It encourages patient to work together with the health care professionals to take an active role in the management of their type 2 diabetes. It helps patients to see their illness in a well define way which drives them for positive changes. The program content includes: Thoughts and feelings of the patients around their condition. Understanding diabetes and glucose: what actually happens in the body. Understanding the risk factors and complications associated with diabetes. Understanding monitoring and medications. How to take control: Food Choices and Physical Activity. Future care plan. DESMOND was piloted in 15 English PCTs between January and May 2004 (Skinner, 2006). Initial abstracts of preliminary research findings were presented at the Diabetes UK annual conference in 2005. Pilot data indicated the DESMOND course for newly diagnosed individuals changed important illness beliefs. At three month follow-up there was a reported improvement in quality of life and metabolic control. DESMOND was revised following feedback from all involved parties. A larger randomised controlled trial was conducted involving 824 adult patients in 207 general practices in 13 primary care sites in the United Kingdom. The results showed that compared to patients who did not undergo the DESMOND programme there were greater improvements in weight loss and smoking cessation and positive improvements in beliefs about illness but there were no differences in haemoglobin A1C levels up to 12 months after diagnosis (Davies et al,2008). The author feels that it is difficult to compare DESMOND to X-PERT because of the different populations (newly diagnosed diabetes compared with established diabetes) and because the study concerned multiple sites and educators. In response to the Hba1c the author commented that it is usual for noticeable reductions to occur in levels shortly after diagnosis and in terms of showing a difference in levels between groups, patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes may be the most difficult in which to demonstrate this(Davie s et al,2008). To investigate this further, a follow-up was carried out three years later. 743 participants were eligible for follow-up at 3years. Biomedical data were collected from 604 (81.3%) and questionnaire data from 536. Those followed up were older, had a higher BMI , higher waist circumference and higher depression score than those who were not. The result indicates a lack of difference in biomedical and lifestyle measure but the author reckoned that this is not unexpected as drift towards pre intervention values is commonly observed (Khunki et al, 2010) . However accumulated effects, which were not significant individually, did manifest themselves as a difference in UKPDS score. The differences in illness belief scores show that attending DESMOND results in positive changes in understanding of diabetes, which are sustained at 3 years.Therefore attending a single course at diagnosis is beneficial, but patients need to continue receiving ongoing support to help them to manage their diabetes. The study done on cost effectiveness for DESMOND found that per patient cost of providing the DESMOND Newly Diagnosed or Foundation programme compares very favourably to the provision of oral glycaemic agents(Gillet et al, 2010). The therapeutic benefit of the DESMOND structured education programme is effective as a once-off intervention to help lower biomedical markers as well as having a positive impact on peoples health beliefs and health outcomes (Gillet et al, 2010). Although it is likely that the one off DESMOND intervention is cost effective, it must be noted that the DESMOND programme was never intended as a one off intervention. Moreover, in the real world, costs of delivering the DESMOND programme are likely to vary considerably across primary care trusts. The main variables affecting the cost are the number of educators trained, the grade of healthcare professional delivering courses, venue cost, ratio of demand to head of population (including participation rate), number of patients per course, and overhead rates. It hopes to promote understanding of type 2 diabetes, allowing patients to be more knowledgeable about what will positively benefit their long-term health as they live with the condition. 1.6 Diabetes Conversation Map: Recently, healthy interaction in collaboration with Diabetes UK, sponsored by Lilly company, has introduced Diabetes Conversation Maps in UK. Diabetes Conversation Maps was created in 2005 in Canada and since then over 60% of diabetes educators has been trained for the program. It was next launched in America in 2006 and now over 20,000 health professionals have been trained. Diabetes Conversation Map serves as a facilitation tool to engage individuals in conversations around their condition and usually last for 2 hours. (Healthyi, 2005) Diabetes Conversation Map is an educational tool which has transformed healthcare education throughout the world by engaging people in meaningful conversations about their health(Healthyi, 2005). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) believes that it is one of the most important innovation in a decade. Conversation Mapà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ education tools have been developed by Healthy Interactions. They are built on the philosophy that people respond better when they are engaged, empowered, and draws their own conclusions as to why they need to change behaviours (ADA, 2006). In this way, that will be an impact on their overall health as opposed to didactic interventions where patients are told what to do by a healthcare professional. The Diabetes Conversation Map methodology creates an experience whereby patients develop their own self-management solution that accounts for their individual challenges and situation. The patients, in turn, then own the solution because it is theirs. They are subsequently much more likely to embrace and implement the change needed to improve their condition The main philosophy is that people will act on their own conclusions by engaging themselves in an experience(Healthyi, 2005). It allows them to explore health facts through dialogue and enable decision making. Conversation map shapes the way in which people are motivated for positive behavioural change. The 6 components of the map are map visuals, facts, questions, group interaction, facilitator and action plan. The program is delivered to a small group of 3-10. It facilitates discussion, not lectures and must be delivered by trained health professionals. It benefits the patients as people are visual learners and like exploring and discovering their own answers. The map is fun and provides a process that patient use to internalise and personalise health information. For educators, it is simple to use, portable and non technology dependent. The program content includes basic facts about diabetes, healthy eating, self-monitoring of blood glucose, diabetes complications, and gestational diabetes The evaluation done in Enfield showed that Diabetes Conversation Map offers several advantages (Monk, 2009). First and foremost, it enables better use of staff time as it requires one member of the healthcare team to facilitate the session, allowing more time for direct patient contact. In terms of financial implication, to run the education program, cost is very minimal. Hand-outs are provided for free from Diabetes Uk and Lilly company which can be photocopied. Although the non-attendance rate remains high in enfield, it was observed that the number of patients attending Conversation Map is better and most patient who come to the first session the other sessions. It is reported that patient get to know each other during the program which help to break down barriers and improve group dynamics (Monk , 2009). Overall, the evaluations done in Enfield area have been positive. However, the result could have been influenced by the fact that the evaluations were completed at the end of the session and handed to the facilitator. In April 2008 a survey was done to assess the effectiveness of the Diabetes Conversation Map training sessions and initial impact on diabetes self-management education (Grenci, 2010). The survey results indicated that sixty-five percent of diabetes educators attribute improved patient self-management to the Diabetes Conversation Map tools. Eighty percent of healthcare professionals say that the tools make group facilitation more interactive and engaging. More than sixty percent say that there was an increase in patient interest in diabetes education and it boosts their willingness to learn. When asked about the most effective method in helping patients to adopt positive behaviours and achieve good outcomes, forty percent of the diabetes educators believe that Diabetes Conversation Map session is most effective. Only twelve percent report that the traditional education means as effective in this survey. Ninety percent of those who have had firsthand experience with the tools suggest that they would recommend them to their peers (Grenci,2010). In terms of metabolic outcome such as Hba1c, cholesterol, blood pressure, weight and patient satisfaction, so far there is no data available. However there will be an upcoming clinical trial called Interactive Dialogue to Educate and Activate (IDEA), which is sponsored by Merck, to identify outcomes using three separate treatment arms:, patients using the Conversation Map tools, patients using individual intervention without using the Conversation Map tools, patients using no formal diabetes education but the data will only be available in five years time. The data will be gathered on an annual basis over the duration of five years and the study will look into metabolic outcomes (A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight) as well as patient and educator satisfaction, knowledge retention and several other behavioural markers of success(Merck , 2009). Nevertheless, the group-based IDEA education method using the Conversation Map approach was executed as planned and showed promise to improve diabetes self-management behaviours. Clinical and behavioural outcome data are necessary and will be forthcoming. 1.7 Current Diabetes Group Education Program in NHS Bromley To fulfil the NICE criteria and provide a quality diabetes care, the NHS Bromley chose to deliver DESMOND education program for all patients who are newly diagnosed patients. DESMOND has been ongoing for the past four years but the cost implication to deliver DESMOND is  £5000 per year plus ongoing  £5/person for the resources. With a diabetes population of 13,000 and about 10-15 referrals received on a weekly basis for DESMOND, NHS Bromley is striving towards an enhanced Diabetes Service to meet the increased demands and to curb the economic burden. In view of the strong positive feedback from diabetes educators in the US, the short duration of the program and the cost, NHS Bromley feel that Diabetes Conversation Map may be an alternative that could be used. As there is a lack of data for metabolic outcome and patient satisfaction, this study will be undertaken to evaluate which group education is more effective to be delivered at NHS Bromley. 2.0 Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of DESMOND Group education program versus Diabetes Conversation Map group education program for people who are newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at NHS Bromley. It is a requirement of the NSF for diabetes that education is available to everybody with type 2 diabetes. At present, DESMOND is the most widely used programme available in the community setting, however this may not meet the needs of every local population. The Conversation Map tools may be an alternative or additional tool that could be used. In Enfield these have been used with success. The author is aware of work that has been ongoing to ensure that this method of education is fully compliant with the NICE criteria and is keen to implement this as soon as it is available. 2.1 Objectives: To measure patient biomedical outcome before and 3 months after the delivery of both group educations To assess patient satisfaction before and after the delivery of both group educations. 2.2 Hypothesis: DESMOND and Diabetes Conversation Group Education will have different biomedical outcome DESMOND and Diabetes Conversation Group education will have different patient satisfaction and quality of life outcome. 2.3 Study Design: Questionnaire Survey involving both quantitative and qualitative design analysis.